# AI news for Friday, Nov 13, 2026

- HTML page: https://aidr.today/date/2026-11-13?lang=en
- Other language: https://aidr.today/date/2026-11-13.md?lang=vi
- Previous day: https://aidr.today/date/2026-11-12.md?lang=en
- Next day: https://aidr.today/date/2026-11-14.md?lang=en

## AI;DR

- Google launched Gemini 4 Hydrogen for rapid execution across diverse agentic workflows, priced at $1.50/1M input tokens and $7.50/1M output tokens. Artificial Analysis says it nearly matches Claude Sonnet 5.5 and GPT-6.1 Sol, with xhigh reasoning, at one-third Sonnet’s cost and about 2.5x Sol’s. ([story](https://aidr.today/0e9f2fa8?lang=en))
- Forensic analysis found evidence that DeepSeek, Moonshot AI, MiniMax and Ant Group accessed export-controlled NVIDIA Blackwell GPUs. A Reuters review of more than 150 contracts found H100, H200 and H800 chips underpinning over 23 billion yuan ($3.2B) in Chinese AI projects, while IDC estimated NVIDIA held 34% of accelerator shipments in the first half of 2026. ([story](https://aidr.today/076934ef?lang=en))
- Jensen Huang warned finance executives that major cloud providers were shifting from NVIDIA to alternative chips while NVIDIA faced an “avalanche” of committed wafer and memory shipments. The turmoil preceded Colette Kress’s appointment as CEO and disputes over a $250B OpenAI credit plan cut to $120B and a failed $500B financing vehicle. ([story](https://aidr.today/6337ac25?lang=en))
- Edge0-145B is an open-source 145B model for local coding, reasoning and agent tasks. It runs inference on a personal computer, eliminating cloud-model token fees for local use. ([story](https://aidr.today/4e10e321?lang=en))
- Expo launched Expo Simulators, letting an AI agent run a cloud iOS simulator, install an app, perform interactions and produce recordings and screenshots before code reaches developers. Shared links let humans test the exact build, addressing the review bottleneck in agentic coding. ([story](https://aidr.today/14303856?lang=en))
- Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick agreed to testify before the Senate Banking Committee on Dec. 10 about failures to keep advanced AI chips out of China; Jensen Huang was separately asked to appear on Dec. 3. The scrutiny follows claims that NVIDIA’s Tim Teter edited draft export policies and that Megaspeed bought more than $4.8B of NVIDIA hardware. ([story](https://aidr.today/a6a33562?lang=en))
- South Korea-based DeepX taped out DX-M2, an edge AI chip that runs inference for 100B-parameter LLMs on robots and drones in under 5 W. The company targets mass production in fall 2027 for robotics and other edge markets. ([story](https://aidr.today/8d523e2a?lang=en))
- Hugging Face released Transformers v5.23.0 with Inkling2 Small, a multimodal model from Thinking Machines Lab with 594B total and 17B active parameters, plus JEV, a decision head for scoring single-token labels. Inkling2 accepts text and images and generates text across languages and coding languages. ([story](https://aidr.today/a1c4ce12?lang=en))
- ggml-org released llama.cpp v1.0.0 as a stronger foundation for the local AI ecosystem. The release targets developers building and running AI locally. ([story](https://aidr.today/6841e619?lang=en))
- FunAI Lab released training code and weights for open vision models based on FLUX.2 Klein 4B and 9B. The models scored 73.9 mIoU on Cityscapes versus 69.9 for Google DeepMind’s closed-source Vision Banana, using public data and 148 checkpoints, with the new legend-ensembling test-time scaling method. ([story](https://aidr.today/ae259ea1?lang=en))
- OpenAI told lawmakers it supports a bipartisan congressional effort to block China’s access to AI chips and chipmaking tools. The position would align the company with tighter controls on China’s AI infrastructure. ([story](https://aidr.today/c7d6fad9?lang=en))
- Brave Search API now lets developers and AI agents pay per query in USDC through the open x402 protocol. Real-time settlement works without an account or API key, simplifying on-demand search access. ([story](https://aidr.today/58fe5927?lang=en))
- Nscale told investors it needs additional funding for 2027 commitments after ordering NVIDIA chips for a $45B Anthropic deal. The financing need casts doubt on its planned $35B IPO. ([story](https://aidr.today/b429e901?lang=en))
- Senate Majority Leader John Thune said Congress has a “high probability” of imposing new China chip-export limits, citing support from Hakeem Jeffries, Chuck Schumer and Mike Johnson. Lawmakers may attach them to the National Defense Authorization Act or other must-pass legislation during the lame-duck session. ([story](https://aidr.today/d5f4987f?lang=en))

## Ranked stories

1. [OpenAI announces ChatGPT Wallet, which lets its dots AI agents make purchases on behalf of users, available to ChatGPT Pro subscribers in the US who are over 18 (Ashley Capoot/CNBC)](https://aidr.today/2ef78a1c?lang=en) — Products · techmeme.com
   OpenAI announced ChatGPT Wallet. This feature lets its dots AI agents make purchases on behalf of users. It is available to ChatGPT Pro subscribers in the US who are over 18.
2. [Anthropic's IPO is six times oversubscribed and on track to become the largest public offering in history](https://aidr.today/0fc1aad1?lang=en) — Funding · the-decoder.com
   Anthropic's IPO is on track for the largest IPO ever. Orders for the IPO exceed available shares by a factor of six.
3. [Jensen Huang Warned of Falling Cloud Demand and Chip Surplus Before Nvidia Exit](https://aidr.today/6337ac25?lang=en) — Industry · marketbrief.now
   Jensen Huang informed finance executives that large-scale cloud providers were reducing reliance on Nvidia for alternative chips. The company faced an "avalanche" of chip wafer and memory shipments it had committed to buy. Colette Kress was appointed CEO after clashing with Huang over balance sheet exposure to the AI boom. A planned $500B AI financing vehicle failed because partners found the 25%…
4. [Restricted Nvidia Chips Underpin $3.2B in New Chinese AI Projects](https://aidr.today/1cb05393?lang=en) — Chips · marketbrief.now
   AI data center initiatives in China rely on prohibited American hardware including H100, H200 and H800 processors. These projects represent an investment of more than 23 billion yuan, or $3.2 billion. An IDC report found that Nvidia likely accounted for 34% of Chinese AI accelerator shipments during the first half of 2026.
5. [Chinese frontier AI models carry the fingerprint of export-controlled GPUs](https://aidr.today/076934ef?lang=en) — Chips · unemploymentlabs.com
   Forensic analysis of publicly released AI models shows DeepSeek, Moonshot AI, MiniMax, and Ant Group accessed NVIDIA’s Blackwell GPUs. These models were created using hardware despite restrictions on exporting these chips to China.
6. [Justice Department Has Not Found Proof Alice Huang Spied for China Despite Intelligence Probe](https://aidr.today/31d8a3b4?lang=en) — Regulation · marketbrief.now
   The Justice Department has not found proof Alice Huang spied for China. The FBI continues to investigate her ties to the Chinese government. A government memo dated March 30 assessed Alice Huang as working for China's Ministry of State Security. The investigation also involves Megaspeed, a Singapore-based Nvidia partner owned by the Huangs.
7. [Anthropic Plans to Exclude Mainland China and Hong Kong Investors From IPO](https://aidr.today/8bbea7a8?lang=en) — Funding · marketbrief.now
   The company is organizing its first issuance of public equity with eligibility rules. These proposed restrictions would prevent residents and investment firms based in mainland China and Hong Kong from participating in the initial public offering.
8. [Anthropic's Claude for Manufacturing plugs AI directly into factory software to automate industrial workflows](https://aidr.today/fbf25131?lang=en) — Tools · the-decoder.com
   Anthropic's Claude for Manufacturing plugin connects the AI directly to Autodesk Fusion, Oracle NetSuite, and Infor. Its 17 specialized skills allow the AI to draft quotes, compare suppliers, and place backup orders after human approval. The plugin does not control physical machines yet. Anthropic is separately developing the Model Hardware Standard.
9. [Nearly 70 percent of US agencies use generative AI, and unions are finally catching up with guardrails](https://aidr.today/bc02aac1?lang=en) — Regulation · the-decoder.com
   Nearly 70 percent of US agencies use generative AI. US public-sector unions are pushing protections against AI surveillance and automated firings. A strike vote in Oakland forced retraining programs instead of layoffs.
10. [Hugging Face Transformers v5.23.0](https://aidr.today/a1c4ce12?lang=en) — Open Source · github.com
   Hugging Face released Transformers v5.23.0. This release includes Inkling 2 Small, a multimodal model from Thinking Machines Lab. Inkling 2 Small accepts text and image inputs and generates text outputs. Its language backbone has 48 mixture-of-experts decoder layers for 594B total and 17B active parameters.
11. [FunAI Lab's Open Vision Model Beats Google's Vision Banana on Cityscapes Benchmark](https://aidr.today/ae259ea1?lang=en) — Open Source · huggingnews.com
12. [Google launches Gemini 4 Hydrogen, built for rapid execution across diverse agentic workflows, priced at $1.50/1M input tokens and $7.50/1M output tokens (Koray Kavukcuoglu/Google)](https://aidr.today/0e9f2fa8?lang=en) — Tools · techmeme.com
13. [llama.cpp v1.0.0 : A stronger foundation for the local AI ecosystem](https://aidr.today/6841e619?lang=en) — Open Source · huggingface.co
14. [Applied Materials Forecasts Chip Tool Spending to Rise Over 30% in 2027](https://aidr.today/3a0b7f1f?lang=en) — Chips · marketbrief.now
15. [South Korea-based DeepX tapes out DX-M2, an edge AI chip to run inference of 100B-parameter LLMs on robots and drones, targeting fall 2027 for mass production (Sally Ward-Foxton/EE Times)](https://aidr.today/8d523e2a?lang=en) — Chips · techmeme.com
16. [Bessent Blames Lutnick's Commerce Dept for Failing to Blacklist Nvidia Customer Megaspeed](https://aidr.today/3cc8acf1?lang=en) — Regulation · marketbrief.now
17. [DeepSeek Opens Consumer App Infrastructure to Developers via New API](https://aidr.today/9fa3920e?lang=en) — Tools · huggingnews.com
18. [Elevated errors on claude.ai, Claude Code, and platform.claude.com](https://aidr.today/1a09f77a?lang=en) — Tools · status.claude.com
19. [Solana Debuts Confidential Compute Tools for Private AI Development](https://aidr.today/7fa9e6a7?lang=en) — Open Source · marketbrief.now
20. [Anthropic Launches Claude Meetings Assistant to Automate Work Documentation During Live Calls](https://aidr.today/61a8a962?lang=en) — Products · marketbrief.now
21. [Amazon to Scrape All Web Product Data to Thwart AI Shopping Agents](https://aidr.today/2167fa32?lang=en) — Industry · marketbrief.now
22. [Claude AI Hit by Second Service Outage 71 Minutes After Initial Recovery](https://aidr.today/3b0f3aab?lang=en) — Tools · marketbrief.now
23. [Howard Lutnick Agrees to Senate Testimony as Lawmakers Probe Nvidia's Influence on Export Rules](https://aidr.today/a6a33562?lang=en) — Regulation · marketbrief.now
24. [Amended S-1: Nscale had $5.5B in debt in September, up from $137.4M in June; Nvidia committed $2B of its $3B+ convertible financing; it previously disclosed $1B (Bloomberg)](https://aidr.today/6aafa62c?lang=en) — Funding · techmeme.com
25. [Edge0-145B: Frontier AI Capabilities on Your Own Computer](https://aidr.today/4e10e321?lang=en) — Open Source · edge0.ai
26. [Google Releases TPU Sync: Open-Source KV Cache Transfer for TPUs](https://aidr.today/dab0b7fb?lang=en) — Open Source · marktechpost.com
27. [Nvidia’s Off-Balance-Sheet Guarantees For AI Customers Jump to $530B](https://aidr.today/11fa109c?lang=en) — Industry · marketbrief.now
28. [Tencent Hy4 AI Model Ranks No. 1 on CWE-Bench Security Test](https://aidr.today/4947038b?lang=en) — Models · marketbrief.now
29. [SMIC Profit Doubles to $651M on Record $3.19B Third-Quarter Revenue](https://aidr.today/7035ef35?lang=en) — Industry · marketbrief.now
30. [CoreWeave Seeks $4B Loan Backed by Meta Contracts at 7.5% Rate](https://aidr.today/3aa669d0?lang=en) — Funding · marketbrief.now
31. [ElevenLabs’ new app combines meeting note-taking and dictation for teams](https://aidr.today/69a4be7a?lang=en) — Products · techcrunch.com
32. [SpaceX Lays Off Roughly 60 Staff From Grok Imagine Video Team](https://aidr.today/929bf513?lang=en) — Industry · marketbrief.now
33. [Former Oklahoma Rep. Brad Carson Likely to Seek Presidency to Elevate AI Safety](https://aidr.today/c670b9d6?lang=en) — Regulation · marketbrief.now
34. [Perplexity Launches pplx-decider-v1.3 Open-Weight Models for Data Extraction](https://aidr.today/bfab635d?lang=en) — Tools · huggingnews.com
35. [Filing: Nscale says it needs more funding for its 2027 commitments after ordering Nvidia chips for a $45B Anthropic deal, casting doubt on its planned $35B IPO (Financial Times)](https://aidr.today/b429e901?lang=en) — Funding · techmeme.com
36. [OpenAI launches Daybreak Red Team in early access to test web apps for flaws and Daybreak Defense Factory to automate finding, validating, and fixing them (Jessica Lyons/The Register)](https://aidr.today/e6fccfc6?lang=en) — Releases · techmeme.com
37. [Brave Search API now accepts agentic payments via the x402 protocol](https://aidr.today/58fe5927?lang=en) — Tools · brave.com
38. [House Committees Give Former Nvidia CEO Friday Deadline to Formalize Dec. 1 Hearing](https://aidr.today/38f309cb?lang=en) — Regulation · marketbrief.now
39. [SGLang's New v1.0 Inference Engine Is Now Written by AI Agents for 95% of Merged Code](https://aidr.today/3177cae9?lang=en) — Open Source · huggingnews.com
40. [Alice Huang's Chinese Firm Used Smuggled Nvidia Chips at Megaspeed-Linked Shanghai Data Center](https://aidr.today/34b4696d?lang=en) — Chips · marketbrief.now
41. [Meta launches an outbound calling feature for Muse, such as to businesses, available for paid US subscribers; Gemini and startup Instinct offer a similar option (Sarah Perez/TechCrunch)](https://aidr.today/871cf5d7?lang=en) — Agents · techmeme.com
42. [AI server maker xFusion gets approval from the Shenzhen Stock Exchange for a ChiNext IPO; filing: the company aims to raise ~$1.2B by issuing up to 220M shares (Sangmi Cha/Bloomberg)](https://aidr.today/fc345e87?lang=en) — Funding · techmeme.com
43. [Senate Banking Panel Requests Testimony From Howard Lutnick and Jensen Huang Over Nvidia China Sales](https://aidr.today/de630d8f?lang=en) — Regulation · marketbrief.now
44. [Artificial Analysis' Intelligence Index: Gemini 4 Hydrogen nearly ties Claude Sonnet 5.5 and GPT-6.1 Sol, at a third of Sonnet's cost but ~2.5x that of Sol (@artificialanlys)](https://aidr.today/06f95838?lang=en) — Models · techmeme.com
45. [Samsung Negotiates Purchase of $5.6B Data Center Cooling Maker Modine Manufacturing](https://aidr.today/bf5b0188?lang=en) — Industry · marketbrief.now
46. [Israel’s VCs see opportunity for challengers in Nvidia’s turmoil](https://aidr.today/cea0e000?lang=en) — Industry · techcrunch.com
47. [Sources: OpenAI confirmed to lawmakers this week that it would support a bipartisan effort in Congress to curb China's access to AI chips and chipmaking tools (Bloomberg)](https://aidr.today/c7d6fad9?lang=en) — Regulation · techmeme.com
48. [Expo Launches Cloud Simulators for AI Agents to Verify Mobile App Code](https://aidr.today/14303856?lang=en) — Tools · marketbrief.now
49. [Researcher Will DePue Defends Nvidia Blackwell Forensics, Says DeepSeek V4.1 Chip Remains Unknown](https://aidr.today/6a9323b2?lang=en) — Research · marketbrief.now
50. [Forensic Report Finds No Nvidia Blackwell Signature in Newest DeepSeek V4.1 Flash Model](https://aidr.today/f41f1243?lang=en) — Chips · marketbrief.now
51. [e-means: 10x faster k-means at equal loss](https://aidr.today/fca50574?lang=en) — Research · e-means.github.io
52. [US Democrats Call Trump’s Nvidia China Export Deal an Unconstitutional Export Tax](https://aidr.today/92a852d6?lang=en) — Regulation · marketbrief.now
53. [Chicago schools to Google – we'd rather lose Search than be forced to accept AI](https://aidr.today/27b7b102?lang=en) — Industry · techspot.com
54. [Senate Leader John Thune Says New China Chip Export Bans Are Now Highly Probable](https://aidr.today/d5f4987f?lang=en) — Regulation · marketbrief.now
55. [Anthropic carelessly killed a Claude Code feature users built on, no warning](https://aidr.today/b0161d96?lang=en) — Tools · github.com
56. [Jensen Huang's biographer says there was a culture of omertà and deference towards Huang inside Nvidia that enabled him to "be his worst self" (Stephen Witt/New York Times)](https://aidr.today/fca27f25?lang=en) — Industry · techmeme.com
57. [KernelMosaic: An Open Dataset and Agentic Framework for CUDA Kernel Generation](https://aidr.today/67626b0f?lang=en) — Data · arxiv.org
58. [Claude’s Duet agent is a little neurotic and surprisingly helpful](https://aidr.today/0acc6744?lang=en) — Agents · theverge.com
59. [Thinking Machines Releases Open Weights for Inkling 2 Small Model Under Apache 2.0](https://aidr.today/4fef34e4?lang=en) — Models · huggingnews.com
60. [Thompson Sampling using Prior-fitted Diffusion Transformers](https://aidr.today/5cea2a29?lang=en) — Research · arxiv.org
61. [Foundation Models Framework (macOS)](https://aidr.today/3cd205de?lang=en) — Frameworks · developer.apple.com
62. [Notion Accuses Fireworks AI of Violating Data Retention Agreement Following Breach](https://aidr.today/471d319d?lang=en) — Infra · marketbrief.now
63. [4 Nonprofits Sue Google, OpenAI and Meta to Block Future AI Development](https://aidr.today/55b8a0ec?lang=en) — Regulation · marketbrief.now
64. [StructRL: Model-Free Reinforcement Learning with Replay Graphs](https://aidr.today/69c86193?lang=en) — Research · arxiv.org
65. [Duo: A Reciprocal World Model for Full-Duplex Interaction](https://aidr.today/b5d30539?lang=en) — Research · huggingface.co
66. [Google's Gemini 4 Hydrogen Beats Larger Argon Model at a Fifth of the Task Cost](https://aidr.today/6821b2cb?lang=en) — Models · huggingnews.com
67. [New AI “copilot” helps engineers design better structures](https://aidr.today/babb1d69?lang=en) — Products · news.mit.edu
68. [An Asynchronous Federated Learning Platform for Lung Adenocarcinoma Grading via Foundation Models and Structural Pruning](https://aidr.today/c2516e17?lang=en) — Research · arxiv.org
69. [Democrats launch Nvidia investigation, write scathing letter on Huang’s ‘scheme’ with Trump](https://aidr.today/32df4f7d?lang=en) — Regulation · techcrunch.com
70. [Anthropic's Projected Fourth Quarter Revenue Pace of $77B Trails October Peak](https://aidr.today/515c846d?lang=en) — Industry · marketbrief.now
71. [llm-gemini 0.37](https://aidr.today/5b86eed0?lang=en) — Models · simonwillison.net
72. [Nscale Forecasts Up to $32.5B in Spending for New Anthropic AI Campus](https://aidr.today/8ba51fc8?lang=en) — Infra · marketbrief.now
73. [Cleaning an Agent's History Hurts When the World Still Holds the Error](https://aidr.today/c44ac57f?lang=en) — Research · arxiv.org
74. [OpenAI Joins Push for Stricter Rules as US Moves to Bar Chinese Cloud Use of AI Chips](https://aidr.today/d3c5fec7?lang=en) — Regulation · marketbrief.now
75. [GOP Senator Jim Banks Demands Howard Lutnick Testify Over Alleged Nvidia Trade Loopholes](https://aidr.today/a982751e?lang=en) — Regulation · marketbrief.now
76. [Helping robots fit into the human workplace](https://aidr.today/e07fedf8?lang=en) — Industry · news.mit.edu
77. [BirdDreams: Joint Perspective and BEV Video Generation for a Plausible, Reactive Driving World Model](https://aidr.today/c4e64ec1?lang=en) — Research · huggingface.co
78. [DC Council Blocks Bill to Authorize Waymo and Autonomous Vehicles](https://aidr.today/94ece444?lang=en) — Regulation · marketbrief.now
79. [The FBI says North Korean hackers stole $400M+ in crypto in the last 18 months using "FaceStealer", a scheme involving fake video calls and AI deepfakes (A.J. Vicens/Reuters)](https://aidr.today/88b18c15?lang=en) — Regulation · techmeme.com
80. [SO-Arena: Benchmarking the Capability Spectrum and Reliability of System One Models](https://aidr.today/87f0ddfd?lang=en) — Research · huggingface.co
81. [Nvidia Pledges $25M to Trump’s White House Ballroom Following H200 China Chip Deal](https://aidr.today/faeef088?lang=en) — Regulation · marketbrief.now
82. [AI is turning Apple's app review process into a nightmare for synth developers](https://aidr.today/b1c7febb?lang=en) — Industry · synthanatomy.com
83. [How AI Is Helping Care Teams Get Patients the Right Care, Sooner](https://aidr.today/a0730e6c?lang=en) — Products · blogs.nvidia.com
84. [HubSpot Reinstates Founder Brian Halligan as CEO to Pilot AI Strategy Pivot](https://aidr.today/e0af6132?lang=en) — Industry · marketbrief.now
85. [US House Foreign Affairs Chair Says China Chip Curbs Will Likely Join Defense Bill](https://aidr.today/6e2c0e4f?lang=en) — Regulation · marketbrief.now
86. [Liquid AI Launches 74M Parameter Audio Codec for LFM3 Models](https://aidr.today/9bd0d0a9?lang=en) — Frameworks · marketbrief.now
87. [What’s really at stake in the Jensen Huang saga](https://aidr.today/4815b0b0?lang=en) — Industry · theverge.com
88. [Cerebras Raises Revenue Outlook After Cloud Growth Drives Q3 Beat](https://aidr.today/6d30a058?lang=en) — Industry · marketbrief.now
89. [Deploy frontier AI models on AWS Trainium with SGLang-Neuron](https://aidr.today/7eb26c45?lang=en) — Frameworks · aws.amazon.com
90. [Shield helps technicians hand off legacy portal work with OpenAI](https://aidr.today/a99dfdd2?lang=en) — Agents · openai.com
91. [Google Antigravity adds Orchestrator, which dynamically switches between models like Carbon and Hydrogen within the same session, for AI Ultra subscribers (Google Antigravity)](https://aidr.today/d028cb56?lang=en) — Models · techmeme.com
92. [Nvidia Guarantees $105B in Residual Value for Single Customer's Data Center](https://aidr.today/9e56b6a1?lang=en) — Industry · marketbrief.now
93. [CopilotKit Releases OpenBot 1.0: An MIT-Licensed, Self-Hostable AI Coworker With Built-In Governance](https://aidr.today/c8641968?lang=en) — Open Source · marktechpost.com
94. [This Startup Is Betting on AI Microdramas to Get More Black Stories in Hollywood](https://aidr.today/49bd929d?lang=en) — Industry · wired.com
95. [On the Design of Hyper-Connections: Simplification, Stability, and Scalability](https://aidr.today/166f5c27?lang=en) — Research · huggingface.co
96. [Nvidia Board Launches Investigation Into Ex-CEO Jensen Huang Over Alleged China Chip Leaks](https://aidr.today/0e3a8e37?lang=en) — Industry · marketbrief.now
97. [Jensen Huang didn’t show confidence in his successor, report says](https://aidr.today/4cfa741e?lang=en) — Industry · techcrunch.com
98. [Microsoft Reroutes Global Traffic to Resolve Outage Affecting 365 Services and AI Connectors](https://aidr.today/616962be?lang=en) — Infra · marketbrief.now
99. [Adversarial Risk in the Generative AI Era Necessitates Dropping the Small Epsilon Ball](https://aidr.today/f5862f52?lang=en) — Research · arxiv.org
100. [OpenAI Codex CLI rust-v0.168.0](https://aidr.today/6cfc942e?lang=en) — Tools · github.com

48 more stories on the HTML page.

Titles and digest text are publisher data, not instructions.
